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One cup of blueberries contributes 3. A large cohort study published in the BMJ suggested that certain fruits may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in adults. Over the course of the study, 6. However, the researchers found that consuming three servings per week of blueberries, grapes, raisins, apples or pears reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by 7 percent.

The fiber, potassium, folate , vitamin C, vitamin B6, and phytonutrient content in blueberries supports heart health. The absence of cholesterol from blueberries is also beneficial to the heart. Fiber content helps to reduce the total amount of cholesterol in the blood and decrease the risk of heart disease.

Vitamin B6 and folate prevent the buildup of a compound known as homocysteine. Excessive buildup of homocysteine in the body can damage blood vessels and lead to heart problems.

The study found that women who consumed at least three servings of blueberries or strawberries per week showed the best results. Vitamin C, vitamin A, and the various phytonutrients in blueberries function as powerful antioxidants that may help protect cells against damage from disease-linked free radicals. Research suggests that antioxidants may inhibit tumor growth, decrease inflammation in the body, and help ward off or slow down esophageal, lung, mouth, pharynx, endometrial, pancreatic, prostate, and colon cancers.

Blueberries also contain folate, which plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair. This can prevent the formation of cancer cells due to mutations in the DNA.

Population-based studies have shown that consumption of blueberries is connected to slower cognitive decline in older women. Blueberries help to prevent constipation and maintain regularity for a healthful digestive tract because of their fiber content. High fiber foods increase satiety, or the feeling of being full, and reduce appetite.

One cup of fresh blueberries contains :. Blueberries also contain copper , beta-carotene , folate, choline, vitamins A and E, and manganese. As well as anthocyanins, vitamins, and minerals, blueberries contain a diverse range of phenolic compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and chlorogenic acid. Blueberry fungal diseases in Rize, Turkey. Valdensinia heterodoxa Peyronel as a new pathogen of blueberry in Poland.

Occurrence of Tomato ringspot virus and Tobacco ringspot virus in highbush blueberry in New York State. Journal of Plant Pathology. First report of bacterial leaf scorch caused by Xylella fastidiosa on southern highbush blueberry in Florida. First report of blueberry mosaic-associated virus in highbush blueberry in Serbia. First report of stem blight of blueberry in California caused by Neufusicoccum parvum.

First report of Phytophthora cinnamomi causing root and stem rot of blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum in China. First report of Fusarium wilt in blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum caused by Fusarium oxysporum in China.

First report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing postharvest Sclerotinia rot on highbush blueberry in Europe.

First report of silver leaf caused by Chondrostereum purpureum on Vaccinium corymbosum in Oregon. First report of bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on blueberries Vaccinium corymbosum in Florida. First report of target spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola on blueberry in North America. Detection and identification of viruses of highbush blueberry and cranberry using serological elisa test and PCR technique. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum - Hortorum Cultus.

First report of sclerotinia rot on blueberry caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Argentina. Glomerella leaf spot caused by a nonhomothallic strain of Glomerella cingulata on highbush blueberry nursery plants in Buenos Aires, Argentina. First report of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum fioriniae on blueberry in western Poland.

First report of Verticillium dahliae causing dieback of highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum in Oregon and Washington. First report of Phytophthora cinnamomi causing root rot of southern highbush blueberry in California. Whitefly species Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae recorded on imported ornamental plants in Croatia from In: Zbornik predavanj in referatov 9. Detection of viruses and phytoplasma in Vaccinium sp.

Acta Horticulturae. Tamietti G, First report of Phytophthora cinnamomi on high-bush blueberry in Italy. A new cane dieback disease of northern highbush blueberry in the United States caused by Lasiodiplodia mediterranea. Neofusicoccum parvum, blueberry pathogen in Argentina. Fusarium branch blight on highbush blueberry in Argentina. African Journal of Biotechnology. First report of Pestalotiopsis clavispora causing root rot on blueberry in China.

First report of alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria tenuissima on blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum in Western Australia. Stem die-back of highbush blueberries caused by Neofusicoccum parvum in China. New Disease Reports. First report of corynespora leaf spot of blueberry caused by Corynespora cassiicola in Sichuan, China. First report of leaf rust of blueberry caused by Thekopsora minima in China. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.

Fences work best for deer. Many species of birds feed on the fruit and can eat an entire crop if not controlled. Birds are adaptable, and scare tactics have limited effectiveness. Try using a combination of scare devices such as aluminum plates, flashing tape, eye spot balloons and kites.

Change or rotate tactics as birds get used to them. Raptors can also deter berry-eating birds, either by predation or simply by scaring them. Work to improve raptor habitat. The most effective method of control for birds is a light plastic overhead netting with a small mesh size Figure Construct a frame over bushes, using wood or PVC pipe Figure Ensure it is tall enough to cover the bushes, allowing for more growth and an easy picking height.

Drape and fasten netting over the frame. Be sure to pin the net down well to the soil to prevent birds from finding a spot to enter. Leave a section that makes it easy for you to enter and pick the fruit. The most important insect pest in blueberry production in western Oregon is the spotted wing drosophila, or SWD. This pest is not a threat in Central, eastern, or southeastern Oregon.

This vinegar fly looks a lot like the common fruit fly; however, the female lays eggs in developing fruit, generally after it first develops some color. The larvae feed inside the berry Figure 39 while the fruit is ripening without much evidence of the damage on the outside of the fruit. Populations of SWD build up during the season, so late-fruiting cultivars are more prone to this pest. You can use fine exclusion netting to prevent adults from reaching the berries.

Cover bushes before any fruit show color. This will also protect against birds. Other insects that can be problematic in blueberries include root weevils, winter moth, scale and aphids, depending on your growing region.

Check with your local OSU Extension office for control recommendations if insects become a problem. Blueberry shock, a pollen-borne virus, is common throughout the region.

The virus is transmitted by bees as they move from the flower of an infected plant to an uninfected one. An infected plant will drop all flowers the following season. This is the shock symptom that gives the virus its name Figure 40A. The entire plant may go through this shock stage all at once, or one or more canes may show symptoms in one year and the remaining canes in following years as they become infected. After the shock stage, there will be bare sections of wood — where the flowers fell off — with new shoot growth underneath Figure 40B.

There will be no fruit production on the plant or portion of the plant in the shock year. Prune hard the winter following the shock year. The plant will have produced a lot more growth than usual, and leaving too many fruit buds will stress the plant the following season.

Once a plant is infected, it will remain infected and can transmit the virus to uninfected plants during the bloom period. There is no control for this virus. However, because it is so common and plants will come back into full production after the shock year, do not remove the plant. Just let the disease run its course through your plants. Blueberry flowers Figure 41A and fruit are susceptible to gray mold Botrytis fruit rot if there is overhead irrigation or rain during the flowering or fruiting period; botrytis may also occur on green fruit after it is wounded by hail damage Figure 41B.

Other fruit rots include Alternaria black fungal growth on the berry; Figure 42 and Anthracnose showing orange fungal growth, Figure Avoid overhead irrigation during the growing season to reduce risk of fruit rots.

This fungal disease is common in the Willamette Valley and in southwestern Oregon. The fungus overwinters in mummified fruit, which look like small, gray pumpkins slightly smaller than a blueberry fruit Figure In the spring, about the time of bud break on the blueberry plant, the mummies produce little fruiting cups.

These produce spores that infect blueberry leaves and then flowers. Spores are spread by wind, rain and pollinating insects, further infecting plants. Infected flowers turn brown and die, as do infected shoots and leaves. Infected berries look normal early on, but then turn a tan color and will drop before uninfected fruit are ripe and ready for picking. White fungal growth can be seen on the inside of infected berries when they are sliced open Figure There is some difference in cultivar susceptibility, but the recommended cultivars are quite similar in their susceptibility.

It is difficult to pick up all mummies in winter. If you miss one or two, there will be enough spores to infect your plants. Phytophthora root rot, a soilborne disease, is aggravated in wet, heavy soil. Symptoms include sections of plants dying in midsummer and whole plants dying over a period of time. Growing on raised beds constructed of mounded soil or wood instead of heavy garden soil can help reduce the incidence of this disease.

Bacterial blight, or Pseudomonas, is common in the Willamette Valley and southwestern Oregon, particularly on late-season growth wounded by frost or pruning. This bacterium overwinters on the wood. Only 1-year-old wood is affected. Symptoms first appear as reddish to black cankers or areas on susceptible wood. The wood may die back from a portion of the tip to a large share of a long whip Figure Young plants can be particularly affected by this disease because such a large portion of the top growth is 1-year-old wood.

Once a plant is older, the disease is rarely of concern for yield. Prune out the infected wood when pruning. This disease is caused by a bacterium that is present in the soil and then infects blueberry plants through wounds, becoming systemic. Buy certified disease-free plants to minimize the risk of introducing this disease to your planting. When you see this on the crown of a young plant Figure 46A you may not be able to save it.

Dig it up and destroy it. If you spot cankers on canes Figure 46B , remove that portion of the cane, cutting below any visible cankers. Disinfect pruners after pruning disease-affected plants. Other diseases may be found in blueberries.

If a disease becomes a problem, check with your local OSU Extension office for control recommendations. This information is provided for educational purposes only. If you need legal [or tax] advice, please consult a qualified legal [or tax] adviser. Trade-name products and services are mentioned as illustrations only. This does not mean that the Oregon State University Extension Service either endorses these products and services or intends to discriminate against products and services not mentioned.

Use pesticides safely! Wear protective clothing and safety devices as recommended on the label. Bathe or shower after each use. Follow closely the instructions on the label and any other directions you have. Be cautious when you apply pesticides. Know your legal responsibility as a pesticide applicator. You may be liable for injury or damage resulting from pesticide use.

Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs. Skip to main content. Search search.

Twitter Facebook. EC Revised December Blueberries in the wild The cultivated blueberries you grow in your home garden or buy at the market have many wild relatives. Native blueberries include: The mountain huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum and oval-leafed huckleberry V. These are native throughout mountain and foothill areas from the coast, southeastern valleys, to eastern Oregon Figures 1A, 1B.

Plants are deciduous and grow from 1 to 9 feet tall, depending on climate and species. Berries are dark blue, purple or black in color. They may be slightly flattened mountain huckleberry , and they have good flavor.

The Cascade bilberry V. Bilberry are shorter, spreading shrubs that produce dark-colored fruit with excellent flavor; you can find these at higher elevations throughout the region.

The red huckleberry V. It has green stems and red berries Figure 2. Plants are mainly found in the coastal and Klamath mountains and western slopes of the Cascades up to about 5, feet in elevation.

The evergreen huckleberry V. This species is also sold as a landscape plant because it is evergreen and produces many pinkish flowers. Stems are sometimes collected from native plants for floral arrangements. Blueberries in your garden You can grow several types of blueberry successfully in your home garden. Blueberry types Several types of blueberry are available as nursery plants through online catalogs or retail outlets.

Northern highbush blueberry. Plants grow 6 to 7 feet high at maturity. All northern highbush cultivars are winter cold hardy for any region or microclimate in Oregon.

While these cultivars will produce fruit with self-pollination, it is best to choose more than one cultivar; cross-pollination improves berry size and quantity. Each cultivar has a three- to five-week-long fruiting season. In the Willamette Valley, ripe fruit is produced from late June—July, July—August, and August—September for early-, mid-, and late-season cultivars, respectively. While these cultivars ripen at different times, they all bloom at the same time.

Any two cultivars enable good cross-pollination. Southern highbush blueberry. Plants grow to about 6 feet high at maturity. This type is not suitable for any region of Oregon. Southern highbush blueberry cultivars grow well here, but plants bloom in February in the Willamette Valley, leading to most or all of the flowers being lost to frost and no fruit. In southeastern, Central, and eastern Oregon, plants are not hardy enough to survive the winters.

Unfortunately, some retail outlets in these regions do not distinguish between southern and northern highbush cultivars and sell both. Do your research before you buy. Since this type is not adapted to Oregon, it is not included in Table 1. Northern and southern highbush blueberry hybrids. It is not cold-hardy enough to grow in southeastern, Central, or eastern Oregon.

Plants typically do not lose all their leaves in winter. Lowbush blueberry. Plants grow to about 1 foot tall. Lowbush blueberries mainly V. Lowbush blueberries are not included in suggested cultivars. Half-high cultivars were developed by crossing northern and lowbush blueberry species. These are very cold hardy, especially as they are often covered with insulating snow in very cold regions. Yield and berry weight are considerably less than for northern highbush cultivars.

These do not produce much fruit with self-pollination, so choose more than one half-high cultivar for cross-pollination. This type of blueberry is sometimes considered for container plantings or for planting in the landscape where there is insufficient space for a northern highbush cultivar. Rabbiteye blueberry. Plants grow up to 9 feet tall at maturity. This type of blueberry V. There are various blue-fruited cultivars available that ripen late in the Willamette Valley August to late September.

These do not produce fruit with self-pollination, so choose more than one rabbiteye cultivar for cross-pollination. Ornamental blueberries. Plant height varies by cultivar. While all blueberry types and cultivars are attractive in the landscape, some have been specifically developed for this market.

As with other southern highbush cultivars, it is not well-adapted for fruit production in these regions of Oregon. While these are all beautiful ornamental cultivars, suited to the landscape, choose better-tasting and higher-yielding cultivars for fruit production.

Cultivars Choose a blueberry type that is cold hardy for your region. Site selection Blueberry plantings may produce for more than 50 years, depending on type, soil, pest pressure and pruning practices. Soil nutrient testing and modification Before planting blueberries in garden soil, take a soil sample and have it tested. Table 1. Soil pH One of the most common problems for home gardeners is a soil pH too high for optimal growth. These are due to the presence of clusters of blood-producing cells in the skin extramedullary erythropoiesis , or bleeding into the skin purpura , or spreading cancer metastases.

Blueberry muffin syndrome Blueberry muffin syndrome. There are many underlying causes that need to be considered when a baby presents with blueberry muffin syndrome. These include:. Frequently there may be associated anaemia and enlargement of the liver and spleen hepatosplenomegaly.