Viking 1 landed in Chryse Planitia at The lander took extensive weather readings and conducted experiments on soil samples collected with a scoop. The orbiter was powered down on August 17, after 1, orbits. The lander survived on the surface until November 13, The Mars 7 lander separated too early, causing it to miss the planet by 1, kilometers miles. The Mars 6 descent craft separated successfully from the main spacecraft and descended through the atmosphere, transmitting seconds of data before abruptly cutting off either when the retrorockets fired or when it slammed into the ground.
Although this was the first data of its kind from within the Martian atmosphere , most of it was garbled and unusable due to the microchip problem. Mars 6 landed at Mars 5 entered orbit successfully, but after completing 22 orbits and returning 60 images the spacecraft malfunctioned and the mission ended. The microchip problem caused the failure of the Mars 4 orbiter to fire its orbit insertion rockets. It flew by Mars at a distance of 2, kilometers 1, miles , taking one set of images and collecting limited data.
It continued to function after the flyby, returning data from solar orbit. The identical Mars 2 and Mars 3 spacecraft each released descent craft 4. But the landers had the misfortune of arriving at Mars during one of the greatest dust storms in recorded history. It operated for 20 seconds on the surface before mysteriously failing, possibly because it was blown over by the wind. Before failing, Mars 3 may have deployed the first tiny rover onto the surface of Mars. The Mars 2 orbiter was successfully placed in an hour orbit.
The spacecraft completed orbits. The Mars 3 orbiter, short on fuel, was unable to obtain its intended hour orbit. Instead, the spacecraft ended up in an almost day orbit around the planet and completed only 20 orbits. Both spacecraft were shut down on August 22, Mariner 9 was the first spacecraft to go into orbit around another planet.
However, excitement for its arrival was subdued by a dark cloud -- literally. A Martian dust storm, which had started in late September , had grown to cover the entire planet.
When Mariner 9 arrived in November, the only surface features visible were the summit of Olympus Mons and the three volcanoes of Tharsis Ridge. Mission scientists had to wait about a month and a half until the dust settled before they could begin the science portion of the mission.
When the spacecraft ran out of fuel almost a year later on October 27, , Mariner 9 had taken a total of 7, images of Mars, studied the atmospheric and surface composition of the planet, the density and pressure of its atmosphere as well as the planet's gravity and topography.
The spacecraft also provided scientists with the first close-up views of Phobos and Deimos, the two moons of Mars. Kosmos reached Earth orbit, but its fourth stage rocket, which would have sent the spacecraft on its way to Mars, failed to ignite.
The spacecraft re-entered the atmosphere and was destroyed. The first stage of the rocket launching this mission to Mars failed almost immediately after liftoff.
The third stage of the rocket launching this mission to Mars failed, caught fire, and exploded, causing the remaining pieces to crash land back on Earth. Mariner 6 and 7 were identical spacecraft arriving at Mars five days apart. Mariner 6 flew by Mars at an altitude of 3, kilometers 2, miles and Mariner 7 at 3, kilometers 2, miles. Engage With JPL. Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit One of two rovers launched in to explore Mars and search for signs of ancient water, Spirit far outlasted her planned day mission.
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